On the Linguistic and Technical Meanings of Ghayr and Their Consequences for Understanding the Divine Attributes in Classical Kalām

Some writers have suggested that the classical Sunni kalām theory of divine attributes, which states attributes are 'neither God' nor 'other than God,' should be interpreted to mean a denial law excluded middle. also seek build new without such principle. Although author holds view unintelligible on its own grounds, it has no basis in theory. This paper shall present detailed investigation into meaning ghayr, and demonstrate, with ample textual evidence, only means identity along metaphysical separability from essence. demonstrates how term ghayr applies contexts metaphysics, theology, natural philosophy as well. The formula ‘something is not identical with’ ‘other than’ applied equally any property subject necessary inseparable it. That is, created beings begin linguistic discussion order demonstrate negation Arabic language, but actually an adjective functions form exceptive clause. proves does imply rejection middle even at basic level. Then will discuss technical contexts. limit itself school, based four main sources: (1) Maqālāt al-Kaʿbī Muʿtazilī school; (2) al-Ashʿarī, (3) Kitāb al-Tawḥīd (4) Taʾwīlāt al-Māturīdī. Much attention given latter because claims by some Māturīdī unique position ghayriyya implies There indication all implied laws logic. Claims contrary failed provide or evidence for their interpretation, let alone philosophical justification farfetched view.